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PROMETHEUS BOUND

2057148

ARGUMENT.

In the old time, when Cronos was sovereign of
the Gods, Zeus, whom he had begotten, rose
up against hitn^ and the Gods were divided
in their counsels, soniey the Titaiis chiefly,
siding with the father^ and some with the
son. And Prometheus, the son of Earth or
Themis, though one of the Titans^ sup-
ported Zeus, as did also Okeanos, and by
his counsels Zeus obtaijied the victory, and
Cronos was chained in Tartar os, and the
Tita?is buried under mountains, or kept in
bonds in Hades. And then Prometheus,
seeing the miseries of the race of men, of
whom Zeus took little heed, stole the fire
which till then had belonged to none but
HephcEstos and was used only for the Gods,
and gave it to ma?ikind, and taught them
many arts luhereby their wretchedness was
lessened. But Zeus being wroth with Pro-
metheus for this deed, sent Hephcpstos^
ivith his two helpers, Strength and Force,
to fetter him to a rock on Caucasos,

And in yet another story was the cruelty
of the Gods made known. For Zeus loved
3

4 iprometbeus JSounD

/<?, the daughter of Inachos, king o/Argos,
and she zuas haunted by virions of the
night, telling her of his passion, and she
told her father thereof. And Inachos,
sending to tlie God at Delphi, was told to
drive lo forth from her home. And Zeus
gave her the horns of a cow, and Hera,
who hated her because she was dear to
Zeus, sent with her a gadfly that stung her,
and gave her no rest, and drove her over
many lands.

iVi?^^— The play is believed to have been the second
of a Trilogy, of which the first was Prometheus the
Fire-giver^ and the third Prometheus Unbound.

f

Dramatis ipersona^.

Promethkus.

Okeanos.

Heph^stos.

Hermes.

Strength.

Force.

Chorus of Ocean Nymphs,

PROMETHEUS BOUND

Scene. — Skythia, 07i the heights of Caucasos.
The Euxine seen in the distance.

Enter Heph^stos, Strength, and Force,
leading Prometheus in chains}

Strength. Lol to a plain, earth's boundary

remote,
We now are come, — the tract as Skythian

known,
A desert inaccessible : and now,
Hephyestos, it is thine to do the bests
The Father gave thee, to these lofty crags
To bind this crafty trickster fast in chains
Of adamantine bonds that none can break ;
For he thy choice flower stealing, the bright

glory
Of fire that all arts spring from, hath bestowed it
On mortal men. And so for fault like this
He now must pay the Gods due penalty.
That he may learn to bear the sovereign rule
Of Zeus, and cease from his philanthropy.

See note i on page 63.

8 prometbcus JSounD

Heph. O Strength, and thou, O Force, the
hest of Zeus,
As far as touches you, attains its end,
And nothing hinders. Yet my courage fails
To bind a God of mine own kin by force
To this bare rock where tempests wildly sweep ;
And yet I needs must muster courage for it :
'Tis no slight thing the Father's words to scorn.

thou of Themis \to Promutheus] wise iu

counsel son,
Full deep of purpose, lo ! against my will,^

1 fetter thee against thy will with bonds

Of bronze that none can loose, to this lone height,
Where thou shalt know nor voice nor face of

man,
But scorching in the hot blaze of the sun,
Shalt lose thy skin's fair beauty. Thou shalt

long
For starry-mantled night to hide day's sheen,
For sun to melt the rime of early dawn ;
And evermore the weight of present ill
Shall wear thee down. Unborn as yet is he
Who shall release thee : this the fate thou

gain'st
As due reward for thy philanthropy.
For thou, a God not fearing wrath of Gods,
In thy transgression gav'st their power to men ;
And therefore on this rock of little ease

See note 2 on page 63.

promctbeus JBounO 9

Tiiou still sbalt keep thy watch, nor lyin^ down,
Nor knowing sleep, nor ever bending knee ;
And many groans and wailmgs profitless
Tiiy lips shall utter ; for the mind of Zeus
Remains inexorable. Who holds a power
But newly gained^ is ever stern of mood.

Streyigth. Let be ! Why linger in this idle pity ?
Why dost not hate a God to Gods a foe,
Who gave thy choicest prize to mortal men ?
Heph. Strange is the power of kin and

intercourse.*
Strength. I own it ; yet to slight the Father's
words,
How may that be ? Is not that fear the worse ?
Heph. St 11 art thou ruthless, full of

savagery.
Strength, There is no help in weeping
over him:
Spend not thy toil on things that profit not.
Heph. O handicraft to me intolerable !
Strength. Why loath'st thou it? Of these
thy present griefs
That craft of thme is not one whit the cause.
Heph. And yet I would some other had

that skill.
Strength, All things bring toil except
for Gods to reign; s

See notes 3, 4, and 5 on page 63.

lo iprometbcus BounD

For none but Zeus can boast of freedom true.
Heph. Too well I see the proof, and gainsay

not.
Strength. Wilt thou not speed to fix the
chains on him,
Lest He, the Father, see thee loitering here ?
Heph. Well, here the handcuffs thou

may'st see prepared.
Strength. In thine hands take him. Then

with all thy might
Strike with thine hammer ; nail him to the

rocks.
Heph. The work goes on, I ween, and not in

vain.
Strength. Strike harder, rivet, give no whit
of ease :
A wondrous knack has he to find resource.
Even where all might seem to baffle him.
Heph. Lo ! this his arm is fixed inextrica-
bly.
Strength. Now rivet thou this other fast,
that he
May learn, though sharp, that he than Zeus is
duller.
Heph. No one but he could justly blame my

work.
Strength. Now drive the stern jaw of the
adamant wedge
Right through his chest with all the strength
thou hast.

Iprometbeus JBounD n

Heph. Ah me ! Prometheus, for thy woes I

groan.
Strength. Again, thou 'rt loth, and for the
foes of Zeus
Thou groanest : take good heed to it lest thou
Kre long with cause thyself commiserate.
Heph. Thou see'st a sight unsightly to our

eyes.
Strength. I see this man obtaining his de-
serts :
Nay, cast thy breast-chains round about his ribs.
Heph. I must needs doit. Spare thine o'er
much bidding ;
Go thou below and rivet both his legs, «

StreJigth. Nay, I will bid thee, urge thee to

thy work.
Heph. There it is done, and that with no long

toil.
Strength. Now with thy full power fix the
galling fetters ;
Thou hast a steru o'erlooker of thy work.

Heph. Thy tongue but utters words that

match thy form, i
Strength. Choose thou the melting mood ;
but chide not me
For my selfwill and wrath and ruthlessness.
Heph. Now let us go, h:s limbs are bound
in chains.

See notes 6 and 7 on page 63,

12 iprometbeua :ffiounD

Strength. Here then wax proud, and stealing
what belongs
To the Gods, to mortals give it. What can

they
Avail to rescue thee from these thy woes ?
Falsely the Gods have given thee thy name,
Prometheus, Forethought ; forethought thou

dost need
To free thyself from this rare handiwork.

\^Exeunt Heph^stos, Strength, afid
Force, leaving Prometheus on the rock.
Prom^ Thou firmament of God, and swift-
winged w!ncs.
Ye springs of rivers, and of ocean waves
That smile innumerous ! Mother of us all,

Earth, and Sun's all- seeing eye, behold,

1 pray, what I a God from Gods endure.

Behold in wh '^ '"oi! rase

I for ten thousand years

Shall struggle in my woe,

In these unseemly chains.
Such doom the new-made Monarch of the Blest

Hath now devised for me.
Woe, woe ! The present and the oncoming pang

I wail, as I search out
The place and hour when end of all these ills

Shall dawn on me at last.

See note 8 on page 64.

prometbeuB JBounO 13

What say I ? All too clearly I foresee

The things that come, and nou;-^ht of pain shall

be
By me unlooked-for ; but I needs must bear
My destiny as best I may, knowing well
Tlie might resistless of Necessity.
And neither may I speak of this my fate,
Nor hold my peace. For I, poor I, through

giving
Great gifts to mortal men, am prisoner made
In these fast fetters ; yea, in fennel stalk'
I snatched the hidden spring of stolen fire,
Which is to men a teacher of all arts,
Their chief resource. And now this penalty
Of that offence I pay, fast riveted
In chains beneath the open firmament.

Ha! ha! What now?
What sound, what odour floats invisibly ? '°
Is it of (iod or man, or blending both ?
And has one come to this remotest rock
To look upon my woes ? Or what wills he ?
Behold me bound, a God to evil doomed,

The foe of Zeus, and held

In hatred by all Gods

Who tread the courts of Zeus :

And this for my great love.

Too great, for mortal men.

Ah me! what rustling sounds

See notes 9 and 10 on page T4.

14 iprometbeus :©ounD

Hear I of birds not far ?

With the light whirr of wings

The air re-echoeth :
All that draws nigh to me is cause of fear, n
Enter Chorus <?/" Ocean Nj^mphs, with wings,

floating in the air "
Chor. Nay, fear thou nought : in love

All our array of wings

In eager race hath come
To this high peak, full hardly gaining o'er

Our Father's miud and will ;
And the swift-rushing breezes bore me on :
Forlo! the echoing sound of blows on iron
Pierced to our cave's recess, and put to flight

My shamefast modesty.
And I in unshod haste, on winged car,

To thee rushed hitherward.
Prom, Ah me ! ah me !

Offspring of Tethys blest with many a child,
Daughters of Old Okeanos that rolls
Round all the earth with never-sleeping stream.

Behold ye me, and see

With what chains fettered fast,
I on the topmost crags of this ravine
Shall keep my sentry-post unenviable.

Chor. I see it, O Prometheus, and a mist
Of fear and full of tears comes o'er mine eyes.

Thy fame beholding thus,

See notes ii and 12 on page 64.

prometbeus JGounD 15

Writhing on these high recks

In adamantine ills.
New pilots now o'er high Olympos rule,

And with new-fashioned laws

Zeus reigns, down-trampling right.
And all the ancient powers He sweeps away.
Prom, Ah ! would that 'neath the Earth,
'neath Hades, too.
Home of the dead, far down to Tartaros
Unfathomable He in fetters fast

In wrath had hurled me down :

So neither had a God
Nor any other mocked at these my woes ;
But now, the wretched plaything of the winds,
I suffer ill at which my foes rejoice.

Chor. Nay, which of all the Gods
Is so hard-hearted as to joy in this ?
Who, Zeus excepted, doth not pity thee

In these thine ills ? But He,

Ruthless, with soul unbent,
Subdues the heavenly host, nor will He cease.*'
Until his heart be satiate with power
Or some one seize with subtle stratagem
The sovran might that so resistless seemed.
Proin. Nay, of a truth, though put to evil
shame.

In massive fetters bound,

The Ruler of the Gods

See note 13 on page 64.

i6 prometbeus SounD

Shall yet have need of me, yes, e'en of me,

To tell the counsel new

That seeks to strip from him
His sceptre and his might of sovereignty.

In vain will He with words

Or suasion's honeyed charms

Sooth me, nor will I tell

Through fear of his stern threats,

Ere He shall set me free

From these my bonds, and make,

Of his own choice, amends

For all these outrages.
Chor. Full rash art thou, and yield'st
In not a jot to bitterest form of woe ;
Thou art o'er-free and reckless in thy speech

But piercing fear hath stirred

My inmost soul to strife ;
For I fear greatly touching thy distress,
As to what haven of these woes of thine
Thou now must steer : the son of Cronos hath

A stubborn mood and heart inexorable.
Prom. I know that Zeus is hard,
And keeps the Right supremely to himself ;

But then, I trow, He '11 be

Full pliant in h:s will,

When He is thus crushed down.

Then, calming down his mood

Of hard and bitter wrath,

He '11 hasten unto me,

IPromecbeus JBounD 17

As I to bim shall haste,

For friendship and for peace.
Chor. Hide it not from us, tell us all the tale :
I'or vvhat offence Zeus, having seized thee thus,
vSo wantonly and bitterly insults thee :
If the tale hurt thee not, inform thou us.

Prom. Painful are these things to me e'en to

speak ;
Painful is silence ; everywhere is woe.
For when the high Gods fell on mood of wrath.
And hot debate of mutual strife was stirred,
Some wishing to hurl Cronos from his throne.
That Zeus, forsooth, might reign ; while others

strove,
Eager that Zeus might never rule the Gods :
Then I, full strongly seeking to persuade
The Titans, yea, the sons of Heaven and Earth,
Failed of my purpose. Scorning subtle arts.
With counsels violent, they thought that they
By force would gain full easy mastery.
But then not once or twice my mother Themis
And Earth, one form though bearing many

names, »♦
Ha I prophesied the future, how ' t would run,
That not by strength nor yet by violence,
But guile, should those who prospered gain the

day.
And when in my words I this counsel gave.

See note 14 on page 64.

f

i8 iprometbeus JBounD

They deigned not e'en to glance at it at all.
And then of all that offered, it seemed best
To join my mother, and of mine own will,
Not against his will, take my side wnth Zeus,
And by my counsels, mine, the dark deep pit
Of Tartaros the ancient Cronos holds.
Himself and his allies. Thus profiting
By me, the mighty ruler of the Gods
Repays me with these evil penalties :
For somehow this disease in sovereignty
Inheres, of never trusting to one's friends, u
And since ye ask me under what pretence
He thus maltreats me, I will show it you :
For as soon as He upon his father's throne
Had sat secure, forthwith to divers Gods
He divers gifts distributed, and his realm
Began to order. But of mortal men
He took no heed, but purposed utterly
To crush their race and plant another new ;
And, I excepted, none dared cross his will ;
But I did dare, and mortal men I fread
From passing on to Hades thunder-stricken ;
And therefore am I bound beneath these woes,
Dreadful to suffer, pitiable to see :
And I, who in my pity thought of men
More than myself, have not been worthy

deemed
To gain like favour, but all ruthlessly

See note 15 on page 65.

IPrometbcus JGounD 19

I thus am chained, foul shame this sight to

Zeus,
Chor. Iron-hearted must he be and made of

rock
Who is not moved, Prometheus, by thy woes :
I'ain could I wish I ne'er had seen such

things,
And, seeing them, am wounded to the heart.
Prom, Yea, I am piteous for my friends to

see.
Chor. Did'st thou not go to farther lengths

than this ?
Prom. I made men cease from contemplat-
ing death. >6
Chor. What medicine did'st thou find for

that disease ?
Prom. Blind hopes I gave to live and dwell

with them.
Chor. Great service that thou did'st for

mortal men !
Prom. And more than that, I gave them fire,

yes I.
Chor. Do short-lived men the flaming fire

possess ?
Prom. Yea, and full many an art they '11

learn from it.
Chor. And is it then on charges such as these
That Zeus maltreats thee, and no respite gives

See note i6 on page 65.

20 iprometbeue J6ounD

Of many woes ? And has thy pain no end ?
Prom. End there is none, except as pleases

Him.
Chor. How shall it please ? What hope hast

thou ? See'st not
That thou hast sinned ? Yet to say how thou

sinned'st
Gives me no pleasure, and is pain to thee.
Well ! let us leave these things, and, if we may,
Seek out some means to 'scape from this thy

woe.
Prom. 'Tis a light thing for one who has his

foot
Beyond the reach of evil to exhort
And counsel him who suffers. This to me
Was all well known. Yea, willing, willingly
I sinned, nor will deny it. Helping men,
I for myself found trouble : yet I thought not
That I with such dread penalties as these
Should wither here on these high-towering

crags.
Lighting on this lone hill and neighbourless.
Wherefore wail not for these my present woes.
But, drawing nigh, my coming fortunes hear.
That ye may learn the whole tale to the end.
Nay, hearken, hearken ; show your sympathy
With him who suffers now. 'T is thus that woe,
Wandering, now falls on this one, now ou that.
Chor. Not to unwilling hearers hast thou
uttered,

promctbeus JBoimO ji

Prometheus, thy request,
Aud now with nimble foot abaudonin^

My swiftly rushing car,
Aud the pure aether, path of birds of heaven,
I will draw uear this rouo;h and rocky land,

For much do I desire
To hear this tale, full measure, of thy woes.

Enter Okeanos, on a car drawn by a winged
gryphon.

Okean. Lo, I come to thee, Prometheus,
Reaching goal of distant journey, ' '
Guiding this my winged courser
By my will, without a bridle ;
Aud thy sorrows move my pity.
Force, in part, I deem, of kindred
Leads me on, nor know I any,
Whom, apart from kin, I honour
More than thee, in fuller measure.
This thou shalt own true and earnest:
I deal not in glozing speeches.
Come then, tell me how to help thee:
Ne'er shalt thou say that one more friendly
Is found than unto thee is Okean.
Prom. Let be. What boots it? Thou then
too art come
To gaze upon my suflferings. How did'st dare

See note 17 on page 65,

22 iprometbeus JSounD

lyeaving the stream that bears thy name, aud

caves
Hewn in the living rock, this land to visit,
Mother of iron ? What then, art thou come
To gaze upon my fall and offer pity ?
Behold this sight: see here the friend of Zeus,
Who helped to seat him in his sovereignty,
With what foul outrage I am crushed by him !
Okean. I see, Prometheus, and I wish to give

thee
My best advice, all subtle though thou be.
Know thou thyself, 18 aud fit thy soul to moods
To thee full new. New king the Gods have

now;
But if thou utter words thus rough and sharp,
Perchance, though sitting far away on high,
Zeus yet may hear thee, and his present wrath
Seem to thee but as child's play of distress.
Nay, thou poor sufferer, quit the rage thou hast.
And seek a remedy for these thine ills.
A tale thrice-told, perchance, I seem to speak:
lyO ! this, Prometheus, is the punishment
Of thine o'er lofty speech, nor art thou yet
Humbled, nor yieldest to thy miseries.
And fain would'st add fresh evils unto these.
But thou, if thou wilt take me as thy teacher,
Wilt not kick out against the pricks; i^ seeing

well

See notes i8 and 19 on page 65.

Iprometbeus JBounO 23

A monarch reigns who gives account to none.
And now I go, and will an effort make,
If I, perchance, may free thee from thy woes;
Be still then, hush thy petulance of speech,
Or knowest thou not, o'er-clever as thou art.
That idle tongues must still their forfeit pay?

Prom. I envy thee, seeing thou art free from
blame
Though thou shared'st all, and in my cause

wast bold ; '^'^
Nay, let me be, nor trouble thou thyself;
Thou wilt not, canst not soothe Him ; very hard
Is He of soothing. Look to it thyself.
Lest thou some mischief meet with in the way.

Okean. It is thy wont thy neighbour's minds
to school
Far better than thine own. From deeds, not

words,
I draw my proof. But do not draw me back
When I am hasting on, for lo, I deem,
I deem that Zeus will grant this boon to me.
That I should free thee from these woes of thine.

Prom. I thank thee much, yea, ne'er will
cease to thank ;
For thou no whit of zeal dost lack ; yet take,
I pray no trouble for me ; all in vain
Thy trouble, nothing helping, e'en if thou

5ee note 3o on page 65.

24 iprometbcus JSounD

Should'st care to take the trouble. Nay, be

still ;
Keep out of barm's way ; sufferer though I be,
I would not therefore wish to give my woes
A wider range o'er others. No, not so :
For lo ! my mind is wearied with the grief
Of that my kinsman Atlas, 21 who doth stand
In the far West, supporting on his shoulders
The pillars of the earth and heaven, a burden
His arms can ill but hold : I pity too
The giant dweller of Kilikian caves,
Dread portent, with his hundred hands, subdued
By force, the mighty Typhon2 2 who arose
'Gainst all the Gods, with sharp and dreadful

jaws
Hissing out slaughter, and from out his eyes
There flashed the terrible brightness as of one
Who would lay low the sovereignty of Zeus.
But the unsleeping dart of Zeus came on him,
Down-swooping thunderbolt that breathes out

flame.
Which from his lofty boastings startled him.
For he i' the heart was struck, to ashes burnt,
His strength all thunder shattered ; and he lies
A helpless, powerless carcase, near the strait
Of the great sea, f-^st pressed beneath the roots
Of ancient ^tua, where on highest peak

I

See notes 21 and 22 on page 65.

promctbcua JBounD 25

Hephsestos sits and smites his iron red-hot,
From whence hereafter streams of fire shall

burst, 2 3
Devouring with fierce jaws the golden plains
Of fruitful, fair Sikelia. Such the wrath
That Typhon shall belch forth with bursts of

storm,
Hot, breathing fire, and unapproachable.
Though burnt and charred by thunderbolts of

Zeus.
Not inexperienced art thou, nor dost need
My teaching : save thyself, as thou know'st how;
And I will drink my fortune to the dregs.
Till from his wrath the mind of Zeus shall rest.24
Okcan. Know'st thou not this, Pron:etheus,
even this.
Of wrath's disease wise words the healers are ?
Prom. Yea, could one soothe the troubled
heart in time,
Nor seek by force to tame the soul's proud flesh.
Okean. But in due forethought with bold
daring blent.
What mischief see'st thou lurking ? Tell me
this.
Prom. Toil bootless, and simplicity full fond.
Okeati. Let me, I pray, that sickness suffer,
since

See notes 23 and 24 on page 66.

26 ipromctbeus BoimD

'Tis best being wise to have not wisdom's show.
Prom. Nay, but this error shall be deemed

as mine.
Okean. Thy word then clearly sends me home

at once.
Prom. Yea, lest thy pity for me make a

foe. . . .
Okean. What ! of that new king on his mighty

throne?
Prom. Ivook to it, lest his heart be vexed

with thee.
Okean. Thy fate, Prometheus, teaches me

that lesson.
Prom. Away, withdraw ! keep thou the mind

thou hast.
Okean. Thou urgest me who am in act to
haste ;
For this my bird four-footed flaps with wings
The clear path of the aether ; and full fain
Would he bend knee in his own stall at home.

{_Exit.

STROPH. I

Chor. I grieve, Prometheus, for thy dreary fate
Shedding from tender eyes
The dew of plenteous tears ;
With streams, as when the watery south wind
blows,
My cheek is wet ;

promctbcus JBounD 27

For lo ! these things are all unenviable,

And Zeus, by his own laws his sway maintaining,

Shows to the elder Gods

A mood of haughtiness.

ANTISTROPH. I

And all the country echoeth with the moan,

And poureth many a tear

For that maguific power
Of ancient days far-seen that thou did'st share

With those of one blood sprung ;
And all the mortal men who hold the plain
Of holy Asia as their land of sojourn,

They grieve in sympathy

For thy woes lamentable.

STROPH. II

And they, the maiden band who find their home
On distant Colchian coasts,
Fearless of fight, 25

Or Skythiau horde in earth's remotest clime,
By far Maeotic lake ; 26

ANTISTROPH. U

And warlike glory of Arabia's tribes, 2'

Who nigh to Caucasos

In rock-fort dwell.
An army fearful, with sharp-pointed spear

See notes 25, 26 and 27 on page 66.

28 promctbeus :J6oiinD

Raging in war's array.

STROPH. Ill

One other Titan only have I seen,

One other of the Gods,
Thus bound in woes of adamantine strength —

Atlas, who ever groans
Beneath the burden of a crushing might,

The out-spread vault of heaven.

ANTISTROPH III

And lo ! the ocean billows murmur loud
In one accord with him ; ^s

The sea-depths groan, and Hades' swarthy pit
Re-echoeth the sound,

And fountains of clear rivers, as they flow,
Bewail his bitter griefs.
Prom. Think not it is through pride or stiff
self-will

That I am silent. But my heart is worn,

Self-contemplating, as I see myself

Thus outraged. Yet what other hand than mine

Gave these young Gods in fulness all their gifts?

But these I speak not of; for I should tell

To you that know them. But those woes of
men^^

List ye to them, — how they, before as babes,

See notes 28 and 29 on page 66.

prometbeus JBounO 29

By me were roused to reason, taught to think ;
And this I say, not finding fault with men.
But showing my good-will in all I gave.
For first, though seeing, all in vain they saw,
And hearing, heard not rightly. But, like

forms
Of phantom-dreams, throughout their life's

whole length
They muddled all at random ; did not know
Houses of brick that catch the sunlight's

warmth,
Nor yet the work of carpentry. They dwelt
In hollowed holes, like swarms of tiny ants,
In sunless depths of caverns ; and they had
No certain signs of winter, nor of spring
Flower-laden, nor of summer with her fruits;
But without counsel fared their whole lifelong,
Until I showed the risings of the stars,
And settings hard to recognise. ^o And I
Found Number for them, chief device of all.
Groupings of letters, Memory's handmaid that,
And mother of the Muses. ^i And I first
Bound in the yoke wild steeds, submissive made
Or to the collar or men's limbs, that so
They might in man's place bear his greatest

toils ;
And horses trained to love the rein I yoked

See notes 30 and 31 on page f>6.

30 iprometbeus :©ounD

To chariots, glory of wealth's pride of state ; 32
Nor was it any one but I that found
Sea-crossing, canvas- winged cars of ships :
Such rare designs inventing ( wretched me ! )
For mortal men, I yet have no device
By which to free myself from this my woe.^^
Chor. Foul shame thou suflFerest : of thy

sense bereaved,
Thou errest greatly : and, like leech unskilled.
Thou losest heart when smitten with disease.
And know'st not how to find the remedies
Wherewith to heal thine own soul's sicknesses.
Prom. Hearing what yet remains thou'lt

wonder more.
What arts and what resources I devised :
And this the chief: if any one fell ill,
There was no help for him, nor healing food,
Nor unguent, nor yet potion ; but for want
Of drugs they wasted, till I showed to them
The blendings of all mild medicaments, 3 4
Wherewith they ward the attacks of sickness sore
I gave them many modes of prophecy ; ^s
And I first taught them what dreams needs

must prove
True visions, and made known the ominous

sounds
Full hard to know ; and tokens by the way,

See notes 32, 33, 34 and 35 on pages 66 and 67.

Ipromctbcus :fi3ounD 31

And fli<^bts of taloued birds I clearly marked, —
Those on the right propitious to mankind,
And those sinister, — and what form of life
They each maintain, and what their enmities
Kach with the other, and their loves and friend-

sliips ;
And of the inward parts the plumpness smooth,
And with what colour they the Gods would

please,
And the streaked comeliness of gall and liver :
And with burnt limbs en wrapt in fat, and chine,
I led men on to art full difficult :
And I gave eyes to omens drawn from fire,
Till then dim-visioued. So far then for this.
And 'neath the earth the hidden boons for men,
Bronze, iron, silver, gold, who else could say
That he, ere I did, found them ? None, I know,
Unless he fain would babble idle words.
In one short word, then, learn the truth con-
densed, —
All arts of mortals from Prometheus spring.

Chor. Nay, be not thou to men so overkind,
While thou thyself art in sore evil case ;
For I am sanguine that thou too, released
From bonds, shall be as strong as Zeus himself.
Prom. It is not thus that Fate's decree is
fixed ;
But I, long crushed with twice ten thousand
woes

32 iprometbeus :J6oimD

And bitter pains, shall then escape my bonds ;
Art is far weaker than Necessit3\

Chor. Who guides the helm, then, of Ne-
cessity ?
Prom. Fates triple- formed, Erinnyes un for-
getting.
Chor. Is Zeus, then, weaker in his might

than these ?
Prom. Not even He can 'scape the thing

decreed,
Chor. What is decreed for Zeus but still to

reign ?
Prom. Thou may'st no further learn, ask

thou no more.
Chor. 'T is doubtless some dread secret

which thou hidest.
Prom. Of other theme make mention, for
the time
Is not yet come to utter this, but still
It must be hidden to the uttermost ;
For by thus keeping it it is that I
Escape my bondage foul, and these my pains.

STROPH. I

Chor. Ah ! ne'er may Zeus the Lord,
Whose sovran sway rules all,
His strength in conflict set
Against my feeble will !
Nor may I fail to serve

prometbeus JiSounD 33

The Gods with holy feast
Of whole burnt-offerings,
Where the stream ever flows
That bears my father's name,
The great Okeanos !
Nor may I sin in speech '
May this grace more and more
Sink deep into my soul
And never fade away !

ANTISTROPH. I

Sweet is it in strong hope
To spend long years of life,
With bright and cheering joy
Our heart's thoughts nourishing.
I shudder, seeing thee
Thus vexed and harassed sore
By twice ten thousand woes ;
For thou in pride of heart,
Having no fear of Zeus,
In thine own obstinacy,
Dost show for mortal men,
Prometheus, love o'ermuch.

STROPH. II

See how that boon, dear friends,
For thee is bootless found.
Say, where is any help?
What aid from mortals comes ?

34 iprometbeus :fiSounD

Hast thou not seen this brief and powerless life,
Fleeting as dreams, with which man's purblind
race

Is fast in fetters bound ?

Never shall counsels vain

Of mortal men break through

The harmony of Zeus.

ANTISTROPH. II

This lesson have I learnt
Beholding thy sad fate,
Prometheus ! Other strains
Come back upon ray mind,
When I sang wedding hymns around thy bath,
And at thy bridal bed, when thou did'st take
In wedlock's holy bands
One of the same sire born,
Our own Hesione,
Persuading her with gifts
As wife to share thy couch.
Enter lo in form like a fair woman with a
heifer's horns,^^ followed by the
Spectre ^Argos.
Jo. What land is this? What people?
Whom shall I
Say that I see thus vexed
With bit and curb of rock ? '

See note 36 on page 67.

Ipromctbeua JGounD 35

For what offence dost thou

Bear fatal punishment ?

Tell me to what far land

I' ve wandered here in woe.
Ah me ! ah me !
Again the gadfly stings me miserable.

Spectre of Argos, thou, the earth-born
one —

Ah, keep him off, O Earth !
I fear to look upon that herdsman dread,

Him with ten thousand eyes :
Ah lo ! he cometh with his crafty look,
Whom Earth refuses even dead to hold ; ^^

But coming from beneath

He hunts me miserable,
And drives me famished o'er the sea-beach sand.

STROPH.

And still his waxened reed-pipe soundeth clear
A soft and slumberous strain,
O heavens ! O ye Gods !
Whither do these long wanderings lead me on ?
For what offence, Oson of Cronos, what,
Hast thou thus bound me fast
In these great miseries ?
Ah me ! ah me !
And why with terror of the gadfly's sting

See note 37 on page 67.

36 prometbeus JBounD

Dost thou thus vex me, frenzied in my soul?
Burn me with fire, or bury me in earth,
Or to wild sea-beasts give me as a prey :
Nay, grudge me not, O King,
An answer to my prayers :
Enough my many-wandered wanderings
Have exercised my soul,
Nor have I power to learn
How to avert the woe.
{To Prometheus). Hear'st thou the voice of

maiden crowned with horns ?
Prom. Surely I heard the maid by gadfly
driven,
Daughter of Inachos, who warmed the heart
Of Zeus with love, and now through Hera's

hate
Is tried, perforce, with wanderings over-long ?

ANTISTROPH.

Id. How is it that thou speak'st my father's
name?
Tell me, the suffering one.
Who art thou, who, poor wretch,
Who thus so truly nam'st me miserable.

And tell'st the plague from Heaven,
Which with its haunting stings
Wears me to death ? Ah woe !
And I with famished and unseemly bounds
Rush madly, driven by Hera's jealous craft.

prometbeus JBounD 37

All, who of all that suffer, born to woe,
Have trouble like the pain that I endure?
But thou, make clear to me
What yet for me remains,
What remedy, what healing for my pangs.
Show me, if thou dost know :
Speak out and tell to me,
The maid by wanderings vexed.
Prom. I will say plainly all thou seek'st to
know ;
Not in dark tangled riddles, but plain speech.
As it is meet that friends to friends should speak ;
Thou see'st Prometheus who gave fire to men.

lo. O thou to men as benefactor known.
Why, poor Prometheus, sufferest thou this pain ?
Prom. I have but now mine own woes

ceased to wail.
Id. Wilt thou not then bestow this boon on

me ?
Prom. Say what thou seek'st, for I will tell

thee all.
lo. Tell me, who fettered thee in this ravine ?
Prom. The counsel was of Zeus, the hand

Hephaestos'.

lo. Of what offence dost thou the forfeit pay ?

Prom. Thus much alone am I content to tell.

lo. Tell me, at least, besides, what end shall

come

To my drear wanderings; when the time shall be.

38 ipromctbeus JiSounD

Prom. Not to know this is better than to

know.
lo. Nay, hide not from me what I have

to bear.
Prom, It is not that I grudge the boon to

thee.
lo. Why then delayest thou to tell the

whole ?
Prom.. Not from ill will, but loth to vex thy

soul.
lo. Nay, care thou not beyond what pleases

me.
Profn. If thou desire it I must speak. Hear

then.
Chor. Not yet though ; grant me share of
pleasure too,
lyet us first ask the tale of her great woe.
While she unfolds her life's consuming chances ;
Her future sufferings let her learn from thee.
Prom. 'T is thy work, lo, to grant these
their wish,
On other grounds and as thy father's kin : 3 8
For to bewail and moan one's evil chance,
Here where one trusts to gain a pitying tear
From those who hear, — this is not labour lost.
lo. I know not how to disobey your wish ;
So ye shall learn the whole that ye desire
In speech full clear. And yet I blush to tell

See note 38 on page 67.

promctbcus J6ounD 39

The storm that came from God, and brought

the loss
Of maiden face, what way it seized on me.
r'or nightly visions coming evermore
Into my virgin bower, sought to woo me
With glozing words. " O virgin greatly blest,
Why art thou still a virgin when thou might'st
Attain to highest wedlock ? For with dart
Of passion for thee Zeus doth glow, and fain
Would make thee his. And thou, O child,

spurn not
The bed of Zeus, but go to Lerua's field,
Where feed thy father's flocks and herds,
That so the eye of Zeus may fiud repose
From this his craving." With such visions I
Was haunted every evening, till I dared
To tell my father all these dreams of night.
And he to Pytho and Dodona sent
Full many to consult the Gods, that he
Might learn what deeds and words would please

Heaven's lords.
And they came bringing speech of oracles
Shot with dark sayings, dim and hard to know.
At last a clear word came to Inachos
Charging him plainly, and commanding him
To thrust me from my country and my home.
To stray atlarge^' to utmost bounds of earth ;

See note 39 on page 67.

40 prometbcus JBounD

And, should he gainsay, that the fiery bolt

Of Zeus should come and sweep away his

race.
And he, by I^oxias' oracles induced,
Thrust me, against his will, against mine too.
And drove me from my home ; but spite of all,
The curb of Zeus constrained him this to do.
And then forthwith my face and mind were

changed ;
And horned, as ye see me, stung to the quick
By biting gadfly, I with maddened leap
Rushed to Kerchneia's fair and limpid stream.
And fount of lyerna.^o And a giant herds-
man,
Argos, full rough of temper, followed me.
With many an eye beholding, on my track.
And him a sudden and unlooked-for doom
Deprived of life. And I, by gadfly stung.
By scourge from Heaven am driven from land

to land.
What has been done thou hearest. And if thou
Can'st tell what yet remains of woe, declare it ;
Nor in thy pity soothe me with false words ;
For hollow words, I deem, are worst of ills.
Chor. Away, away, let be :

Ne'er thought I that such tales
Would ever, ever come unto mine ears ;

See note 40 on page

promctbcus JBounO 41

Nor that such terrors, woes, and outrages,

Hard to look on, hard to bear,
Would chill my soul with sharp goad, double-
edged.

Ah fate ! Ah fate !
I shudder, seeing lo's fortune strange.

Prom. Thou art too quick in groaning, full

of fear :
Wait thou a while until thou hear the rest.
Chor. Speak thou and tell. Unto the sick

'tis sweet
Clearly to know what yet remains of pain.
Prom. Your former wish ye gained full

easily.
Your first desire was to learn of her
The tale she tells of her own sufferings ;
Now therefore hear the woes that yet remain
For this poor maid to bear at Hera's hands.
And thou, O child of Inachos ! take heed
To these my words, that thou may'st hear the

goal
Of all thy wanderings. First then, turning

hence
Towards the sunrise, tread the untilled plains.
And thou shalt reach the Skythian nomads,

those *•
Who on smooth-rolling waggons dwell aloft

See note 41 on page 68.

42 ipromctbeue JBounD

In wicker houses, with far-dartiug bows
Duly equipped. Approach thou not to these,
But trending round the coasts on which the surf
Beats with loud murmurs^z traverse thou that

clime.
On the left hand there dwell the Chalybes,4 3
Who work in iron. Of these do thou beware.
For fierce are they and most inhospitable ;
And thou wilt reach the river fierce and strong,
True to its name. 44 This seek not thou to cross,
For it is hard to ford, until thou come
To Caucasos itself, of all high hills
The highest, where a river pours its strength
From the high peaks themselves. And thou

must cross
Those summits near the stars, must onward go
Towards the south, where thoushalt find the host
Of the Amazons, hating men, whose home
Shall one day be around Thermodon's bank,
By Themiskyra,4s where the ravenous jaws
Of Salmydessos ope upon the sea,
Treacherous to sailors, stepdame stern to

ships, *6
And they with right good-will shall be thy

guides ;
And thou, hard by a broad pool's narrow gates,
Wilt pass to the Kimmerian isthmus. I^eaving

See notes 42, 43, 44, 45 and 46 on page 63.

promctbeus 3Boun& 43

This boldly, tbou must cross Maeotic channel ;*'>
And there shall be great fame 'mong mortal

men
Of this thy journey, and the Bosporos-'s
Shall take its name from thee. And Europe's

plain
Then quitting, thou shalt gain the Asian coast.
Doth not the all-ruling monarch of the Gods
vSeem all ways cruel ? For, although a God,
He, seeking to embrace this mortal maid,
Imposed these wanderings on her. Thou hast

found,
O maiden ! bitter suitor for thy hand ;
For great as are the ills thou now hast heard.
Know that as yet not e'en the prelude's known.
/o. Ah woe ! woe ! woe !

Prom, Again thou groan'st and criest. What
wilt do
When thou shalt learn the evils yet to come?
C/ior. What ! are there troubles still to come

for her ?
Prom. Yea, stormy sea of woe most lament-
able.
lo. What gain is it to live ? Why cast I not
Myself at once from this high precipice,
And, dashed to earth, be free from allmy woes?
Far better were it once for all to die

See notes 47 and 48 on page 1

44 prometbeus BounD

Than all one's days to suffer pain and grief.
Prom. My struggles then full hardly thou

would'st bear,
For whom there is no destiny of death ;
For that might bring a respite from my woes :
But now there is no limit to my pangs
Till Zeus be hurled out from his sovereignty.
lo. What ! shall Zeus e'er be hurled from

his high stale ?
Prom. Thou would'st rejoice, I trow, to see

that fall.
lo. How should I not, when Zeus so foully

wrongs me ?
Prom. That this is so thou now may'st hear

from me.
lo. Who then shall rob him of his sceptred

sway ?
Prom. Himself shall do it by his own rash

plans.
Id. But how ? Tell this, unless it bringeth

harm.
Prom. He shall wed one for whom one day

he '11 grieve.
lo. Heaven -born or mortal ? Tell, if tell

thou may'st.
Prom. Why ask'st thou who ? I may not

tell thee that.
lo. Shall his bride hurl him from his throne

of might ?

promctbeua JBounO 45

Pro. Yea ; she shall bear child mightier

than his sire.
lo. Has he uo way to turn aside that doom ?
Prom. No, none ; unless I from my bonds

be loosed. 4 9
lo. Who then shall loose thee 'gainst the

will of Zeus ?
Prom. It must be one of thy posterity.
lo. What, shall a child of mine free thee

from ills ?
Prom. Yea, the third generation after

tenso
lo. No more thine oracles are clear to me.
Prom. Nay, seek not thou thine own drear

fate to know.
lo. Do not, a boon presenting, then with-
draw it.
Prom. Of two alternatives, I '11 give thee

choice.
lo. Tell me of what, then give me leave to

choose.
Prom. I give it then. Choose, or that I

should tell
Thy woes to come, or who shall set me free.
Chor. Of these be willing one request to

grant
To her, and one to me ; nor scorn my words ;

See notes 4g and 50 on pages 68 and 6g.

46 iprometbeus :©ounD

Tell her what yet of wanderings she must bear,
And me who shall release thee. This I crave.

Prom. Since ye are eager, I will not refuse
To utter fully all that ye desire.
Thee, lo, first I '11 tell thy wanderings wild,
Thou, write it in the tablets of thy mind.
When thou shalt cross the straits, of continents
The boundary, 5 1 take thou the onward path
On to the fiery-hued and sun-tracked East.
[And first of all, to frozen Northern blasts
Thou'lt come, and there beware the rushing

whirl,
Lest it should come upon thee suddenly,
And sweep thee onward with the cloud-rack

wild]; 5 2
Crossing the sea-surf till thou come at last
Unto Kisthene's Gorgoneian plains,
Where dwell the grey -haired virgin Phorkides, 5 3
Three, swan-shaped, with one eye between them

all
And but one tooth ; whom nor the sun beholds
With radiant beams, nor yet the moon by night :
And near them are their winged sisters three,
The Gorgons, serpent-tressed, and hating men.
Whom mortal wight may not behold and live.
Such is one ill I bid thee guard against ;
Now hear another monstrous sight : Beware

See notes 51, 52 and 53 on page 69.

prometbcus JBounD 47

The sharp-beaked houuds of Zeus that never

bark, 5 4
The Gryphons, and the one-eyed, mounted

host
Of Arimaspians, who around the stream
That flows o'er gold, the ford of Pluto, dwell :5 5
Draw not thou nigh to them. But distant land
Thou shalt approach, the swarthy tribes who

dwell
By the sun's fountain, S6 ^'l^thiopia's stream :
By its banks wend thy way until thou come
To that great fall where from the Bybline hills
The Neilos pours its pure and holy flood ;
And it shall guide thee to Neilotic land,
Three-angled, where, O lo, 'tis decreed,
For thee and for thy progeny to found
A far-off colony. And if of this
Aught seem to thee as stammering speech ob-
scure,
Ask yet again and learn it thoroughly :
Far more of leisure have I than I like.

Chor. If thou hast aught to add, aught left
untold
Of her sore-wasting wanderings, speak it out ;
But if thou hast said all, then grant to us
The boon we asked. Thou dost not, sure, for-
get it.

See notes 54, 55 and 56 on page 69.

48 prometbcus 36oun&

Prom. The whole course of her journeying

she hath heard,
And that she know she hath not heard in vain
I will tell out what troubles she hath borne
Before she came here, giving her sure proof
Of these my words. The greater bulk of things
I will pass o'er, and to the very goal
Of all thy wanderings go. For when thou

cam'st
To the Molossian plains, and by the grove s '
Of lofty-ridged Dodona, and the shrine
Oracular of Zeus Thesprotian,
And the strange portent of the talking oaks,
By which full clearly, not in riddle dark.
Thou wast addressed as noble spouse of Zeus, —
If aught of pleasure such things give to thee, —
Thence stung to frenzy, thou did 'st rush along
The sea-coast's path to Rhea's mighty gulf,5 8
In backward way from whence thou now art

vexed,
And for all time to come that reach of sea,
Know well, from thee Ionian shall be called,
To all men record of thy journeyings.
These then are tokens to thee that my mind
Sees somewhat more than that is manifest.
What follows {to the Chorus) I will speak to you

and her

See notes 57 and 58 on page 70.

promctbeu3 JSounO 49

In common, on the track of former words
Returning once again. A city stands
Canobos, at its country's furthest bound,
Hard by the mouth and silt-bank of the Nile ;
There Zeus shall give thee back thy mind

again, 59
With hand that works no terror touching thee.—
Touch only— and thou then shalt bear a child
Of Zeus begotten, Epaphos, "Touch-born,"
vSwartliy of hue, whose lot shall be to reap
The whole plain watered by the broad-streamed

Neilos :
And in the generation fifth from him
A household numbering fifty shall return
Against their will to Argos, in their flight
From wedlock with their cousins. 6o And they

too,
(Kites but a little space behind the doves)
With eager hopes pursuing marriage rites
Beyond pursuit shall come ; and God shall

grudge
To give up their sweet bodies. And the land
Pelasgian ''i shall receive them, when by stroke
Of woman's murderous hand these men shall lie
Smitten to death by daring deed of night :
For every bride shall take her husband's life,
And dip in blood the sharp two-edged sword

See notes 59, 60 and 61 on page 70.
4

50 iprometbeus :i6oimD

(So to my foes may Kypris show herself!) ^2
Yet one of that fair baud shall love persuade
Her husbaud not to slaughter, and her will
Shall lose its edge ; and she shall make her

choice
Rather as weak than murderous to be known.
And she at Argos shall a royal seed
Bring forth (long speech 't would take to tell

this clear)
Famed for his arrows, who shall set me free ^3
From these my woes. Such was the oracle
Mine ancient mother Themis, Titan-born,
Gave to me ; but the manner and the means, —
That needs a lengtliy tale to tell the whole,
And thou can'st nothing gain by learning it.

lo. Eleleu ! Oh, Eleleu ! 64 —
The throbbing pain inflames me, and the mood
Of frenzy-smitten rage ;
The gadfly's pointed sting,
Not forged with fire, attacks,
And my heart beats against my breast with fear.
Mine eyes whirl round and round :
Out of my course I 'm borne
By the wild spirit of fierce agony.
And cannot curb my lips,
And turbid speech at random dashes on
Upon the waves of dread calamity.

See notes 62, 63 and 64 on page 70.

prometbeus ."©ounO 51

STROPH. I

Chor. Wise, very wise was he
Who first in thought conceived this maxim

sage,

And spread it with his speech, (-^ —
That the best wedlock is with equals found,
And that a craftsman, born to work with hands,

Should not desire to wed
Or with the soft luxurious heirs of wealth.
Or with the race that boast their lineage high.

ANTISTROPH. I

Oh ne'er, oh ne'er, dread Fates,
May ye behold me as the bride of Zeus,

The partner of his couch.
Nor may I wed with any heaven-born spouse !
For I shrink back, beholding lo's lot

Of loveless maidenhood.
Consumed and smitten low exceedingly
By the wild wanderings from great Hera sent !

STROPH. II

To me, when wedlock is on equal terms,
It gives no cause to fear :

Ne'er may the love of any of the Gods,
The strong Gods, look on me
With glance I cannot 'scape !

See note 65 on page 70.

52 ipromctbcus JSounC)

ANTISTROPH, II
That fate is war that none can war against,

Source of resourceless ill ;
Nor know I what might then become of me :

I see not how to 'scape

The counsel deep of Zeus,
Prom. Yea, of a truth shall Zeus, though stiff

of will,
Be brought full low. Such bed of wedlock now
Is he preparing, one to cast him forth
In darkness from his sovereignty and throne.
And then the curse his father Cronos spake
Shall have its dread completion, even that
He uttered when he left his ancient throne ;
And from these troubles no one of the Gods
But me can clearly show the way to 'scape.
I know the time and manner : therefore now
Let him sit fearless, in his peals on high
Putting his trust, and shaking in his hands
His darts fire-breathing. Nought shall they avail
To hinder him from falling shamefully
A fall intolerable. Such a combatant
He arms against himself, a marvel dread,
Who shall a fire discover mightier far
Than the red levin, and a sound more dread
Than roaring of the thunder, and shall shiver
That plague sea-born that causeth earth to

quake.
The trident, weapon of Poseidon's strength :

promctbeug JBounD 53

And stumbling on this evil, he shall learn
How far apart a king's lot from a slave's.

Chor. What thou dost wish thou mutterest

against Zeus.
Prom. Things that shall be, and things I

wish, I speak.
Chor. And must we look for one to master

Zeus?
Prom. Yea, troubles harder far than these

are his.
Chor. Art not afraid to vent such words as

these?
Prom. What can I fear whose fate is not to

die?
Chor. But He may send on thee worse pain

than this.
Prom. So let Him do : nought finds me

unprepared.
Chor. Wisdom is theirs who Adrasteia wor-
ship. 66
Prom. Worship then, praise and flatter him
that rules ;
My care for Zeus is nought, and less than

nought :
Let Him act, let Him rule this little while,
E'en as He will ; for long He shall not rule
Over the Gods. But lo ! I see at hand

See note 66 on page 70.

54 iprometbeua JBounD

The courier of the Gods, the minister

Of our new sovereign. Doubtless he has come

To bring me tidings of some new device.

Enter Hermes.

Herm. Thee do I speak to, — thee, the
teacher wise,
The bitterly o'er-bitter, who 'gainst Gods
Hast sinned in giving gifts to short-lived

men —
I speak to thee, the filcher of bright fire.
The Father bids thee say what marriage thou
Dost vaunt, and who shall hurl Him from his

might ;
And this too not in dark mysterious speech.
But tell each point out clearly. Give me not,
Prometheus, task of double journey. Zeus
Thou seest, is not with such words appeased.
Prom. Stately of utterance, full of haughti-
ness
Thy speech, as fits a messenger of Gods.
Ye yet are young in your new rule, and think
To dwell in painless towers. Have I not
Seen two great rulers driven forth from

thence P^?
And now the third, who reigneth, I shall see
In basest, quickest fall. Seem I to thee

See note 67 on page 70,

prometbcus3 JGounD 55

To shrink and quail Ijcfore these ncw-niade

Gods ?
I'ar, very far from that am I. But thou,
Track once aj<aiu the path by which thou

earnest ;
Thou shaltlearn nouglit of what thou askest me.
Henn. It was by such self-will as this
before
That thou did'st brin.t^ these sufferings on thy-
self.
Prom. I for my ] art, be sure, would never
change
My evil state for that thy bondslave's lot.

HcyjH. To be the bondslave of this rock, I
trow.
Is better than to be Zeus' trusty herald !
Prom. So it is meet the insulter to insu't.
Henn. Thou waxest proud, 't would seem,

of this thy doom.
Piom. Wax proud ! God grant that I may
see my foes
Thus waxing proud, and thee among the rest !
Herm. Dost blame me tlieu for thy calam-
ities ?
Prom. In one short sentence — all the Gods
I hate,
Who my good turns with evil turns repay.
Herm, Thy words prove thee with no slight
madness pUgued,

56 ipromctbeug JBounD

Prom. If to hate foes be madness, mad I am,
Ilerni. Not one could bear thee wert thou

prosperous.
Prom. Ah me !
Herm. That word is all unknown

to Zeus.
Prom. Time waxing old can many a lesson

teach.
Herm. Yet thou at least hast not true wis-
dom learnt.
Prom. I had not else addressed a slave like

thee.
Herm. Thou wilt say nought the Father

asks, 't would seem.
Prom. Fine debt I owe him, favour to repay.
Herm. INIe as a boy thou scornest then,

forsooth .
Prom. And art thou not a boy, and sillier far,
If tbat thou thinkest to learn augbt from me ?
There is no torture nor device by which
Zeus can impel me to disclose these things
Before these bonds that outrage me be loosed.
Let then the blazing- levin-flash be hurled ;
With white-winged snow-storm and with earth-
born thunders
Let Him disturb and trouble all that is ;
Nought of these things shall force me to declare
Whose hand shall drive him from his sover-
eignty.

prometbcus JBounD 57

Herm. See if thou findest any help in this.
Prom. Long since all this I 've seen, and

forme 1 my pL.ns.
Herm. O fool, take heart, take heart at last
in time,
To form right thoughts lor these thy present
woes.
Prom. Like one who soothes a wave, thy
speech in vain
Vexes my soul. But deem not thou that I,
I-'jaring the will of Zeus, shall e'er become
As woman ised in mind, or shall entreat
Ilim whom I greatly loathe, with upturned

hand.
In woman's fashion, from these bonds of mine
To set me free. Far, f.ir am I from that.

Herm. It seems that I, saying much, shall
speak in vain ;
For thou in nou ;ht by prayers art pacified,
Or softened in thy heart, but like a colt
Fresh harnessed, thou dost champ thy bit, and

strive.
And fight against the reins. Yet thou art stiff
In weak device ; for self-will, by itself.
In one who is not wise, is less t.ian nought.
Look to it, if thou disobey my words.
How great a storm and triple wave of ills, ^s

See note 68 on page 70.

58 iprometbeus JSounD

Not to be 'scaped, shall come ou thee ; for first
With thunder aud the levin's blazing flash
The Father this ravine of rock shall crush,
And shall thy carcase hide, and stern embrace
Of stony arms shall keep thee in thy place.
And having traversed space of time full long.
Thou shall come back to light, and then his

hound.
The winged hound of Zeus, the ravening ea !e
Shall greedily make banquet of thy flesh,
Coming all day an uninvited guest,
Aud glut himself upon thy l.ver dark.
And of that anguish look not for the end.
Before some God shall come to bear thy woes,
And will to pass to Hades' sunless realm.
And the dark cloudy depths of Tartaros.69
Wherefore take heed. No feigned boast is this.
But spoken all too truly ; for the lips
Of Zeus know not to speak a lying speech,
But will perform each single word. And thou.
Search well, be wise nor think that self-willed

pride
Shall ever better prove than counsel good.
Chor. To us doth Hermes seem to utter
words
Not out of season ; for he bids thee quit

See note 69 on page 71,

prometbcus J6ounO 59

Thy self-willed pride and seek for council good
Hearken thou to him. To the wise of soul
It is foul shame to sin persistently.

Prom. To me who knew it all

He hath this message borne ;

And that a foe from foes

Should suffer is not strange.

Therefore on me be hurled

The sharp-edged wreath of fire ;

And let heaven's vault be stirred

With thunder and the blasts

Of fiercest winds ; antl Earth

From its foundations strong,

E'en to its deepest roots,

Let storm-wind make to rock ;

And let the Ocean wave,

With wild and foaming surge,

Be heaped up to the paths

Where move the stars of heaven ;

And to dark Tartaros

Let Him my carcase hurl,

With mighty blasts of force :

Yet me He shall not slay.

Herm. Such words and thoughts from
one

Brain-stricken one may hear.

What space divides his state

From freozy ? What repose

6o iprometbeus JBounO

Hath he from maddened rage ?
But ye who pitying stand
And share his bitter griefs,
Quickly from hence depart,
Lest the relentless roar
Of thunder stun your soul.

Chor. With other words attempt
To counsel and persuade,
And I will hear : for now
Thou hast this word thrust in
That we may never bear.
How dost thou bid me train
My soul to baseness vile ?
With him I will endure
Whatever is decreed.
Traitors I 've learnt to hate.
Nor is there any plague
That more than this I loathe.

Her^n. Nay then, remember ye
What now I say, nor blame
Your fortune : never say
That Zeus hath cast you down
To evil not foreseen.
Not so ; ye cast yourselves :
For now with open eyes,
Not taken unawares,
In Ate's endless net
Ye shall entangled be

promctbcus JBoun^ 6i

By folly of 3'our ovN^n.
[A pajise, and then flashes of lightnijig

and peals of thunder. 70
Prom. Yea, now in very deed,
No more in word alone,
The earth shakes to and fro,
And the loud thunder's voice
Bellows hard by, and blaze
The flashing 1 vin-fires ;
And tempests whirl the dust,
And gusts of all wild winds
On one another leap,
In wild conflicting blasts,
And sky with sea is blent :
Such is the storm from Zeus
That comes as working fear,
In terrors manife t.
O M tlier venerable !
O ^ther ! rolling round
The common light of all,
See'st thou what wrongs I bear ?

-ee note 70 on page 71.

I

NOTES.

1. The scene seems at first an exception to the early
conventional rule, which forbade the introduction of a
third actor on the Greek stage, liut it has been noticed
that (i) Force does not speak, and (2) Prometheus does
not speak till Streng^th and Force have retired, and that
it is therefore probable that the whole work of nailing
is done on a lay figure or effigy of some kind, and that
one of the two who had before taken part in the dialogue
then speaks behind it in the character of Prometheus.
So the same actor must have appeared in succession as
Okeanos, lo, and Hermes.

2. Prometheus {Forethought) is the son of Themis
{Right) the .second occupant of the Pythian Oracle
{Eitmen., V. 2). His sympathy with man leads him to
impart the gift which raised them out of savage animal
life, and for this Zeus, who appears throughout the
play as a hard taskmaster, sentences him to fetters.
Hepha^stos, from whom this fire had been stolen, has a
touch of pity for him. Strength, who ccmes as the ser-
vant, not of Hephffistos, but of Zeus himself, acts, as
such, with merciless cruelty.

3. The generalised statement refers to Zeus, as having^
but recently expelled Cronos from his throne in Heaven.

4. Hephsestos, as the great fire-worker, had taught
Prometheus to use the fire which he afterwards bestowed

5. Perhaps, "All might is ours except o'er Gods to
rule."

6. The words indicate that the efiigy of Prometheus,
now nailed to the rock, was, as being that of a Titan, of
colossal size.

7. The touch is characteristic as showing that here,
as in the humetiides, .lEschylos relied on the horrible-
ness of the masks, as part of the machinery of his plays.

63

64 IRotes

8. The silence of Prometheus up to this point was
partly, as has been said, consequent on the conventional
laws of the Greek drama, but it is also a touch of su-
preme insight into the heroic temper. In the presence
of his torturers, the Titan will not utter even a groan.
When they are gone, he appeals to the sympathy of
Nature.

9. The legend is from Hesiod, (r^^og-ow. v. 567.) The
fennel, or narthex, seems to have been a large umbel-
liferous plant with a large stem filled with a sort of
pith, which was used when dry as tinder. Stalks were
carried as wands (the thyrsi) by the men and women
who joined in the Bacchanalian processions. In modern
botany, the name is given to the plant which produces
A?afoetida, and the stem of which, from its resinous
character, would burn freely, and so connect itself with
the Promethean mj th. On the other hand, the Narthex
Asafcetida is found at present only in Persia, AfiFghanis-
tan, and the Punjaub.

10 The ocean nymphs, like other divine ones, would
be anointed with ambrosial unguents, and the odour
would be v/afted before them by the rustling of their
wings. This, too, we may think of as part of the
"stage effects" of the play .

11. The words are not those of a vague terror only.
The sufferer knows that his tormentor is to come to
him before long on wings, and therefore the sound as
of the flight of birds is full of terrors.

12. By some stage mechanism the Chorus remains in
the air till verse 280, when at the request of Prometheus,
they alight.

13. Here, as throughout the play, the poet puts into
the mouth of his dramatis personce words which must
have seemed to the devouter Athenians sacriligeous
enough to call for an indictment before the Areiopagos.
But the final play of the Triolog}' came, we may believe,
as the l-Aimenides did in its turn, as a reconciliation of the
conflicting thoughts that rise in men's minds out of the
seeming anomalies of the world.

14. The words leave it uncertain whether Themis is
identified with Earth, or, as in Eumenides. (v. 2,) dis-
tinguished from her. The Titans as a class, then child-
ren of Okeanos and Chth6n (another name for Land
or Earth ) are the kindred rather than the brothers of
Prometheus.

"Wotcs 65

15. The generalising words here, as in v. 35, appeal to
the Athenian hatred of all that was represented by the
words tyrant and tyranny.

16 The state described is that of men who " through
fear of death are all their lifetime subject to bondage.
That state, the parent of all superstition, fostered the
slavish awe in which Zeus delighted. Prometheus,
representing the active intellect of man, bestows new
powers, new interests, new hopes, which at last divert
them from that fear.

17. The home of Okeanos was in the far west, at the
boundary of the great stream surrounding the whole
world, from which he took his name.

18. One of the sayings of the Seven Sages, already
recognised and quoted as a familiar proverb.

19. See Plumptre's edition oi Agamemnon, v. 1602.

20. In the mythos, Okeanos had given his daughter
Hesione in marriage to Prometheus after the theft
of fire, and thus had identified himself with his
transgression.

21. In the Theogony of Hesiod, (v. sog,) Prometheus
and Atlas appear as tfee sons of two sisters. As other
Titans were thought of as buried unJer volcanoes, so
this one was identified with the mountaia which had
been seen by travellers to Western Africa, or in the seas
beyond it, rising like a column to support the vault of
heaven. In Herodotus ( iv. 174 ) and all later writers,
the name is given to the chain of mountains in l^ybia,
as being the " pillar of the firmament ; " but Humboldt
and others identify it with the lonely peak of Teneriffe,
as seen by Phoenikian or Hellenic voyagers. Teneriffe,
too, like most of the other Titan mountains, was at one
time volcanic. Homer^ {Odyss, i., 53) represents him as
holding the pillars which separate heaven from earth ;
Hesiod (Theogon. v. 517) as himself standing near the
Hesnerides, (this, too, points to Teneriffe ) sustaining
the heavens with his head and shoulders.

22. The volcanic character of the whole of Asia Mi-
nor, and the liability to earthquakes which has marked
nearly every period of its history, led men to connect it
also with the traditions of the Titans, some accordingly
placing the home of Typhon in Phrygia, some, near Saf-

66 motes

dis, some, as here, in Kilikia. Hesiod ( Theogon, v. 820) de-
scribes Typhon (or Typhoeus) as a serpent-monster hiss-
ing out fire ; Pindar XPyth. i. 30, viii., 21), as lying with
his head and breast crushed beneath the weight of
-i^tna, and his feet extending to Cumae.

23. The words point probably to an eruption, then
fresh in men's memories, which had happened B.C. 476.

24. By some editors this speech from " No, not so,"
to " thou know'st how," is assigned to Okeanos.

25. These are, of course, the Amazons, who were be-
lieved to have come through Thrak^ from the Tauric
Chersonesos, and had left traces of their names and
habits in the Attic traditions of Theseus.

26. Beyond the plains of Skythia, and the lake Maeotis
(the sea of Azov) there would be the great river
Okeanos, which was believed to flow round the earth.

27. Sarmatia has been conjectured instead of Arabia.
No Greek author sanctions the extension of the latter
name to so remote a region as that north of the
Caspian.

28. The Greek leaves the object of the sympathy un-
defined, but it seems better to refer it to that which
Atlas receives from the waste of waters around, and the
dark world beneath, than the pitj shown to Prometheus.
This had already been dwelt on in line 421.

29. The passage that follows has for modem palae-
ontologists the interest of coinciding with their views as
to the progress of human society, and the condition ot
mankind during what has been called the "Stone "
period. Comp. I^ucretius, v. 955-984.

30. Comp. Mr. Blakesley's note on Herod, ii. 4, as
showing that here there was the greater risk of faulty
observation.

31. Another reading gives perhaps a better sense—

" Memory, handmaid true
And mother of the Muses."

32. In Greece, as throughout the Kast, the ox was
used for all agricultural labours, the horse by the noble
and the rich, either in war chariots, or stately proces-
sions, or in chariot races in the great games.

of Pi

Compare with this the account of the inventions
Palamedes in Sophocles, Fragm. 379.

"Wotee 67

34. Here we can recognise the knowledjje of one who
had studied in the schools of Pythagoras, or had at any
rate picked up their terminology. A more immediate
connection may perhaps be traced with the influence of
Epimenides, who was said to have spent many years in
searching out the healing virtues of plants, and to have
written books about them,

35. The lines that follow form almost a manual of
the art of divination as then practised. The " ominous
sounds'' include chance words , strange cries, any unex-

S)ected utterance that connected itself with men's fears
or the future. The flights of birds were watched by the
diviner as he faced the north, and so the region on the
right hand was that of the sunrise, light, blessedness;
on the left there were darkness and gloom and death.

36. So lo was represented, we are told, by Greek
sculptors, (Herod, ii. 41.) as Isis was by those of Egypt.
The points of contact between the myth of loand that
of Prometheus, as adopted, or perhaps developed, by
^Eschylos, are— (i) that from her the destined deliverer
of the chained Titan is to come ; ( 2 ) that both were suf-
fering from the cruelty of Zeus ; (3) that the wanderings
of lo gave scope for the wild tales of far countries on
which the imagination of the Athenians fed greedily.
But, as the Suppliants may serve to show, the story it-
self had a strange fascination for him. In the birth ot
Epaphos, and lo's release from her frenzy, he saw, it
may be, a reconciliation of what had seemed hard to
reconcile, a solution of the problems of the world, like
in kind to that which was shadowed forth in the lost
Prometheus Unbound.

37. Argos had been slain by Hermes, and his eyes
transferred by Hera to the tail of the peacock, and that
bird was thenceforth sacred to her.

38. Inachos the father of lo f identified with the Ar-
give river of the same name ) was, like all rivers, a son
of Okeanos and therefore brother to the nymphs who
had come to see Prometheus.

39. The words used have an almost technical mean-
ing as applied to animals that were consecrated to the
service of God, and set free to wander where they liked.
The fate of lo, as at once devoted to Zeus and animal-
ised in form, was thus shadowed forth in the very lan-
guage of the Oracle.

68 notes

40. Ivcrna was a lake near the mouth of the Tnachos
close to the sea. Kerchneia may perhaps be identified
with the Kenchreae, the haven of Korinth in later geo-
graphies.

41. The wicker huts used by Skythian or Thrakian
nomads (the Calmucks of modern geographers) are de-
scribed by Herodotus (iv. 46) and are still in use.

42. Sc. the N. K. boundary of the Euxine, where
spurs of the Caucasos ridge approach the sea.

43. The Chalybes are placed by geographers to the
south of Colchis. The description of the text indicates
a locality farther to the north.

44. Probably the Araxes, which the Greeks would
connect with a word conveying the idea of a torrent
dashing on the rocks. The description seems to imply a
river flowing into the Kuxine from the Caucasos, and
the condition is fulfilled by the Hypanis or Kouban.

45. When the Amazons appear in contact with Greek
history, they are found in TJirace. But they had come
from the coast of Pontos, and near the mouth of the
Themiodon ( ThermeJi). The words of Prometheus point
to yet earlier migrations from the East.

46. Here, as in Soph. Antig. (970) the name Salmy-
dessos represents the rock-bound, havenless coast
from the promontory of Thynias to the entrance of the
Bosporos, which had griven to the Black Sea its earlier
name of Axenos, the "inhospitable."

47. The track is here in some confusion. From the
Amazons south of the Caucasos, lo is to find her way to
the Tauric Chersonese (the Crimea) and the Kimmerian
Bosporos, which flows into the Sea of Azov, and so to
return to Asia.

48. Here, as in a hundred other instances, a false ety-
mology has become the parent of a myth. The name
Bosporos is probably Asiatic not Greek, and has an en-
tirely different signification.

49. The lines refer to the story that Zeus loved Thetis
the daughter of Nereus, and followed her to Caucasos,
but abstained from marriage with her because Prome-
theus warned him that the child born of that union

t\0tC6 69

should overthrow his father. Here the future is used
of what was still contingent only. In the lost play of the
Trilogy the myth was possibly brought to its conclu-
sion and connected with the release of Prometheus.

50. Heracles, whose genealogy was traced through
Aicmena, Perseus, Danaii, Danaos, and seven other
names to Epaphos and lo.

51. Probably the Kimmerian Bosporos. The Tanais
or Phasis has, however, been conjectured.

52 The history of the passage in brackets is curious
enough to call "for a note. They are not in any extant,
but they are found in a passage quoted by Galen iv. p.
454) as from the Protneiheus Bound, and are inserted
here by Mr. Paley.

53. Kisthene belongs to the geography of legend,
lying somewhere on the shore of the great ocean-river
in Lybia or Ethiopia, at the end of the world, a great
mountain in the far West, beyond the Hesperides, the
dwelling-place, as here, of the Gorgons, the daughters
of Phorkys. Those first named are the Graiae.

54. Here, like the "winged hound" of v. 1043, for the
eagles that are the messengers of Zeus.

55. We are carried back again from the fabled West
to the fabled East. The Arimaspians, with one eye,
and the Grypes or Grj-phons, (the griffins of mediaeval
heraldry), "quadrupeds with the wings and beaks of
eagles, were placed by most writers (Herod, iv. 13, 27)
in the north of Europe, in or beyond the terra iyicoi^mta
ofSkythia. The mention of the " ford of Pluto'' and
.-Ethiopia, however, may possibly imply (if we identify
it, as Mr. Paley does, with the 'Tartessos of Spain, or
Bo^Hs— Guadalquivir) that ^schylos followed another
legend which placed them in the West. There is pos-
sibly & paronomasia between Pluto, the God of Hades,
and Plutos, the ideal God of riches.

56. The name was applied by later writers (Quintus
Curtius, iv. 7, 22; Lucretius, vi. 84S) to the fountain in
the temple of Jupiter Ammon in the great Oasis. The
" river .Ethiops " may be purely imaginary, but it may
also suggest the possibility of some vague knowledge of
the Niger, or more probably of the Nile itself in the
upper regions of its course. The " Bybline Hills " carry
the name Bvblos which we only read of as belonging to
a town in the Delta, to the Second Cataract.

7o IKlOtCS

57. Coinp. Sophocles, Trachin, v. 1168.

58. The Adriatic or Ionian Gulf.

59. In the Suppliants, Zeus is said to have soothed
her, and restored her to her human consciousness by his
"divine breathings." The thought underlying the
legend may be taken either as a distortion of some prim-
itive tradition, or as one of the "unconscious prophe-
cies " of heathenism. The deliverer is not to be born
after the common manner of men, and is to have a
divine as well as a human parentage,

60. See the argument of the Suppltatits, who, as the
daughters of Danaos, descended from Epaphos, are here
referred to. The passage is noticeable as showing that
the. theme of that tragedy was already present to the
poet's thoughts.

6r, Argos. So in the Suppliants, Pelasgos is the
mythical king of the Apian land who receives them.

62. Hypermneestra, who spared I^ynceus, and by him
became the mother of Abas and a line of Argive kings.

63. Heracles, who came to Caucasos, and with his ar-
rows slew the eagle that devoured Prometheus.

64. The word is simply an interjection of pain, but
one so characteristic that I have thought it better to
reproduce it than to give any English equivalent.

65. The maxim, " Marry with a woman thine equal,"
was ascribed to Pittacos.

66. The Kuphemerism of later scholiasts derived the
name from a king Adrastos, who was said to have been
the first to build a temple to Nemesis, and so the power
thus worshipped was called after his name. Abetter
etymology leads us to see in it the idea of the " inevit-
able " law of retribution working unseen by men, and
independently even of the arbitrary will of the. Gods,
and bringing destruction upon the proud and haughty.

67. Comp. Agam. 162—6.

68. Either a mere epithet of intensity, as in our
"thrice blest," or rising from the supposed fact that
every third wave was larger and more impetuous than

•Rotes 71

the others, like the fluctus decumanus of the Latins, or
from the sequence of three great waves which some
have noted as a common phenomenon in storms.

69. Here again we have a strange shadowing forth of
the mystery of Atonement, and what we have learnt to
call "vicarious " satisfaction. In the later legend, Chei-
ron, suffering from the agony of his wounds, resigns his
immortality, and submits to die in place of the ever-
living death to which Prometheus was doomed.

70. It is noticeable that both ^schylos and Sopho-
cles have left us tragedies which end in a thunderstorm
as an element of effect. But the contrast between the
Ptomelheus and the GLdipus at Colonos as to the impres-
sion left in the one case of serene reconciliation, and in
the other of violent antagonism, is hardly less striking
than the resemblance in the outward phenomena,
which are common to the two.

Hrlcl Boohlets

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ORDER

NUMBER

Irving. Tales of a Traveller. 2 vols. . . 125-126

The Alhambra. 2 vols 1 19-120

James I. of England. Counterblaste to Tobacco 73

Johnson. Rasselas 36

Keats. Endjrmion 87

Eve of St. Agnes 26

Kingsley, Charles. Greek Heroes 131

Lamb. Essays of Elia. 2 vols 61-62

Wit and' Wisdom 38

Lincoln, A. Stories and Sayings. Collected and

edited by Henry Llewellyn Williams . . 14S

Longfellow, H. W. Evangeline 138

Lover. Barney O'Reirdon, etc 79

Lowell. Fable for Critics 68

Lytton, E. Bulwer. Richelieu 134

The Lady of Lyons . . .135

Macaulay. Lays of Ancient Rome 19

Mahaffy, John P. The Art of Conversation . .141

Marcus Aurelius. Thoughts 21

Michael Angelo. Sonnets of 53

Milton. Areopagitica 72

L'AUegro and II Penseroso . . . . . 11

Munchausen. Travels 39

Mulock. The Adventures of a Brownie . . . .161

The Little Lame Prince 160

Omar Khayyam. Rubaiyat 47

Ouida. Dog of Flanders 118

The Niirnberg Stove 162

PascaL Thoughts 89

ORDHR
NUMBER

Pater, W. Child in the House Si

Cupid and Psyche 130

Penn. Fruits of SoUtude. 2 vols 91-92

Plato. Apology of Socrates 59

The Phaedo 60

Plumtre, George, Translated by. Prometheus

Bound of Aeschylos 156

Antigone of Sophocles i57

Poe. Gold Bug i

Poems 53

The Murders in the Rue Morgue ... 146
The Purloined Letter, and the Pit and the

Pendulum ... . 147

Rochefoucauld. Maxims 117

Roosevelt. True Americanism 70

Rossetti. Blessed Damozel 45

House of Life 18

Ruskin. Crown of Wild Olive 88

Ideas of Truth 25

King of the Golden River 27

Sesame and Lilies 22

Shakespeare. As You Like It 10

Hamlet 113

Julius Caesar iii

Macbeth 112

Merchant of Venice 107

Midsummer Night's Dream . .106
Much Ado About Nothing . . . 105
Romeo and Juliet no

ORDER

NUMBER

Shakespeare. Sonnets 37

Tempest 104

Twelfth Night 109

Sheridan. Rivals ••• 7

School for Scandal 6

Stephen. Robert Louis Stephenson 57

Sterne, Laurence. A Sentimental Journey . .129

Stevenson, R. L. A Child's Garden of Verses . 139

Virginibus Puerisque ... 69

WiU o' the MiU 86

Swinburne, A. C. Laus Veneris . • • . . .127

Tennyson. In Memoriam 93

Princess «... 50

Thackeray. Charity and Humor 13

Novels by Eminent Hands ... 32

Rose and the Ring 23

Wilde, Oscar. Lady Windermere's Fan . . . 132

The Ballad of Reading Gaol . . 133

Winthrop. Love and Skates 49

Word for the Day 71

Zschokke. Tales 35

G. P. Putnam's Sons

Ne-w YorK and London

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BEGlON^L

it

000 002 634